09. Soil nailing & guniting
Soil nailing is a technique in which soil slopes, excavations or retaining walls are reinforced by the insertion of relatively
slender elements - normally steel reinforcing bars. The bars are usually installed into a pre-drilled hole and then grouted into
place or drilled and grouted simultaneously. They are usually installed untensioned at a slight downward inclination. A rigid or flexible
facing (often pneumatically applied concrete otherwise known as shotcrete) or isolated soil nail heads may be used at the surface.
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